Marketing
8 Apr 2024
Henry Bewicke
Content Writer
Recency effect is a psychological phenomenon and cognitive bias that is often used in sales and marketing to influence the consumer decision making process.
Recency effect is part of ‘serial position effect’. This phenomenon links the position of information in a sequence to the likelihood of an individual recalling that information.
In this blog post we’ll explain:
Recency effect states that individuals tend to remember more recently presented information better than older information.
For example, a person presented with a list of 10 different objects is more likely to remember objects toward the end of the list.
Recency effect applies to a number of different types of information, like talking points and ideas, not just objects.
A classic example of the recency effect in action can be seen among jurors. Studies have shown that information presented later in a trial has a higher likelihood of swaying the verdict given by a jury.
Primacy effect is actually part of a wider psychological phenomenon called serial position effect.
Serial position effect can be summed up using a simple graph, as seen below:
This graph shows the correlation between word order in a list and the likelihood of those words being recalled from memory. It also applies more generally to the position of an item in a list.
On one side of the spectrum, you have recency effect. As seen on the graph, the later in a list a word appears, the more likely people are to recall it.
On the other side, you have primacy effect, a similar but opposite phenomenon to recency effect. It turns out the likelihood of people recalling words near the start of a list is higher too.
The probability of recalling information is lowest in the middle of a sequence.
Interestingly, primacy effect tends to be stronger when dealing with written information, while recency effect is stronger with audible information.
This has important implications for businesses looking to utilize these two phenomena, which we’ll get to a bit later.
There are a few potential explanations for recency effect, primacy effect, and serial position effect in general.
The most likely explanation is simply the way our short-term and long-term memory works.
More recent information is stored in and recalled from our working memory (short-term store). Our short-term memory can’t hold as much information, but it’s more readily accessible over a short period of time. Meanwhile, older information has to be recalled from our long-term memory. The gap between the two is where our recollection abilities falter.
Cognitive biases like primacy and recency effect are frequently used to aid sales and marketing efforts by influencing consumer behavior.
Another good example of a commonly used cognitive bias is foot in the door technique. It plays on people’s natural tendency to agree to certain types of requests (a large request if it’s preceded by a small request). You can read more about foot in the door technique in our blog post here.
There are a number of different ways you can use primacy effect and recency effect to aid your sales efforts. You can also use them to increase the effectiveness of your promotions. Here are some examples:
Because primacy effect is strongest when dealing with written information, it’s good to keep it in mind when outlining product features with an eye on behavioral analytics.
Chances are you know what the most attractive features are for any product you sell. If so, make sure you put the features at the top of the list.
Take this laptop listed on Amazon for example:
The laptop’s features are listed in order of importance, with processor information at the top, followed by screen, GPU, RAM, and other features.
Ranking features like this is a logical practice that most businesses employ. But you can take this strategy one step further if you have additional data about your customers’ purchase preferences.
For example, you may know a certain customer is more value-oriented in their purchase decisions. You can alter your product listings specifically for value-oriented customers by prioritizing specific features, for example, consumable products’ weight or size.
Alternatively, you may have another customer segment that you know responds well to new seasonal product lines. In this case, you could highlight information about the product’s release date or the number of days left on a promotion.
You can also utilize primacy effect when listing multiple different products or product promotions next to one another.
If you have a specific product you want to sell, try placing it at the top of your default storefront homepage. Regular visitors will see this product first. They’ll then be more likely to think of it when considering additional products to add to their order at checkout.
You can also make use of primacy effect when suggesting additional items for product bundles. If you have three options, customers are more likely to choose the first option they see (if all three products are equally as desirable).
You can also use primacy effect to steer customers towards certain loyalty reward options.
Remember, you can always set up an A/B test to confirm whether these variations are actually affecting your customers’ purchase decisions the way you want.
As mentioned above, recency effect is stronger when people listen to information rather than read it.
When it comes to ecommerce sales, the majority of customer-facing information is written. This may be static written information or written information in the form of videos.
It’s quite rare for brands to communicate with customers in a purely audio format. Examples include radio ads or face-to-face sales interactions. In these cases, it’s important to remember that the last pieces of information you feed customers are more likely to stick with them.
Finally, primacy effect can have an impact on customers’ impression of your brand in the long term.
If you make an effort to build a strong rapport with new customers, they're more likely to remember your brand positively further down the line. This should slightly increase the likelihood of them choosing your brand over others.
This is partly why brands make an effort to provide new customers with attractive deals and great customer service.
Primacy effect and recency effect are both parts of what is known as serial position effect. Serial position effect is an observable cognitive bias where individuals are more likely to remember the information at the start and end of sequences.
Primacy effect is the tendency to recall information better when it falls at the start of a list/sequence.
Recency effect is the tendency to recall information better when it falls at the end of a list/sequence.
There are a number of ways you can use primacy effect and recency effect to influence your customers’ purchase decisions. Just remember to test whether any change you make to a promotion is having the effect you want it to.
Explore our report on "loyalty psychology" to find out how psychological insights can help you enhance your understanding of the consumer decision making process.
How does the recency effect in sales and marketing compare to other cognitive biases, such as the primacy effect, and how can businesses effectively leverage both phenomena in their promotional strategies?
The recency effect and primacy effect are pivotal cognitive biases in sales and marketing. The primacy effect focuses on better recall of information presented at the beginning, while the recency effect pertains to superior recall of information at the end. Businesses strategically position key messages or offers at the outset to capitalize on the primacy effect, shaping initial perceptions. Meanwhile, they leverage the recency effect by placing crucial information or calls to action at the conclusion of presentations to prompt immediate consumer action. By understanding and leveraging both biases, businesses can develop comprehensive marketing strategies that influence both initial impressions and immediate decisions, ultimately driving desired outcomes.
Beyond product listings and generic promotional offerings, are there any innovative ways that businesses can apply the principles of the recency effect and the primacy effect to enhance customer engagement and drive sales conversions?
Yes, apart from traditional methods, businesses can innovate by using personalized recommendations based on browsing history to capitalize on the primacy effect. Interactive experiences like quizzes or gamified promotions can also leverage the recency effect, leaving a lasting impression on customers and driving sales.
How can businesses effectively measure the impact and effectiveness of their utilization of cognitive biases like the recency effect and the primacy effect in sales and marketing strategies?
Businesses can measure the impact of cognitive biases by analyzing engagement metrics like click-through rates and conversion rates. A/B testing and data analytics tools can provide insights into the effectiveness of different sequencing strategies. By continuously monitoring these metrics, businesses can optimize their promotional efforts to maximize sales and customer satisfaction.
Join thousands of marketers and developers getting the latest loyalty & promotion insights from Talon.One. Every month, you’ll receive:
Loyalty and promotion tips
Industry insights from leading brands
Case studies and best practices
Isabelle Watson
Loyalty & promotion expert at Talon.One
The World's Most Powerful Promotion Engine
BERLIN
Wiener Strasse 10
10999 Berlin
Germany
BIRMINGHAM
41 Church Street
B3 2RT Birmingham
United Kingdom
BOSTON
One Boston Place, Suite 2600
02108 Boston, MA
United States
SINGAPORE
1 Scotts Road, #21-10 Shaw Centre
228208 Singapore
Singapore
Product
Company